![]() ![]() Several new AEDs-felbamate, gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam (LEV), oxcarbazepine, tiagabine, topiramate, vigabatrin, zonisamide, and gabitril are currently available by prescription in the US. Many of these drugs are potent enzyme inducers or inhibitors, and significant drug interactions occur when they are co-administered with hormones or other medications. The complex pharmacokinetic and pharmaceutical properties of traditional AEDs make administration difficult at times. Side effects of long-term therapy include gingival hypertrophy or osteomalacia with phenytoin, and weight gain with valproic acid, as well as cognitive and behavioral changes. Some side effects are minor and transient others are rare, idiosyncratic reactions with serious implications, such as aplastic anemia and hepatic failure. The first-generation anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are associated with a number of systemic and cognitive adverse effects.
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